If you live along the Australian coast, there may be a phenomenon of electrical storms which has left you scratching your head.
As large and moody thunderstorms roll in from the sea, why do bolts of lightning seem to get bigger and zap harder once they hit land?
Researchers claim to have now solved that meteorological puzzle, and it turns out salt in sea spray is the key ingredient, according to a just-released study.
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The findings "reconcile long outstanding questions" about the differences between land and marine storms, the study said, and could explain why levels of lightning over tropical oceans are reduced compared to the number seen over land.
To investigate, researchers analysed weather, aerosol and lightning activity data from Africa and its adjacent oceans from 2013–2017.
They discovered that coarse marine aerosols, such as salt, reduced lightning frequency.
Researchers found fine aerosols promoted the electrification of clouds, as they do over land, while coarse salt particles from ocean spray reduced lightning by weakening convection within clouds.
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The study said large particles promoted warm rain to fall before cloud water had a chance to rise up and reach required levels for super-cooling - a necessary step towards cloud electrification.
This has the effect of reducing the upwards transfer of heat over the sea, the study said, affecting the amount of rainfall necessary to drive atmospheric circulation.
Australia's lightning hotspot is in the far north, closest to the equatorial zone.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, between five and ten people are killed from lightning strikes each year, while about 100 are injured.
Australians have about a one in 12,000 chance of being struck by lightning, compared to the one in 8,145,060 odds of taking home the lotto jackpot.
